Hossam El Din Mohammed is an Assistant Professor of Islamic Studies, Karabuk University, Turkey. Prior to that he held several teaching and research positions at different institutions, including the Hamad bin Khalifa University in Qatar, North Minzu University, School of International Education in China, and Oxford University in the UK. Among his recent publications is: Ummah and Nation-State: Dilemmas in Refuge Ethics (Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 2022); COVID-19 Pandemic: A Fiqhi and Comparative Study (Journal of Contemporary Fiqhi and Financial Issues, 2022); Franchise Contract And its Provisions in Islamic Jurisprudence compared to the Civil Law (Dar Hassan and Modern Library, 2018); and Commutation (ạlạʿtyạḍ) of Abstract Rights in Islamic Jurisprudence in Comparison with Positive Law and Examples of its Contemporary Applications(Dar Hassan and Modern Library, 2018).